Wednesday 16 September 2015

Manitoba Alvars

 Alvars are globally rare ecosystems that occur along the edges of the Canadian Shield in Canada. This ecosystem is characterized by sparse tree cover and thin soils over a limestone bedrock that makes it a harsher environment. Only drought and flood tolerant species can survive here which makes it a very interesting ecosystem to study for plants. I have had the pleasure of completing my masters research in the Interlake region of Manitoba studying the plants that live on alvars.

 Hoary Puccoon - Lithospermum canescens
 In the spring, flowers such as Lithospermum canescens and Cyprepedium parviflorum attract pollinators with bright yellow flowers. Later in the season when the spring flowers are finished, Gaillardia aristata speckles the field again with yellow-orange flowers.

Lesser Yellow Lady Slipper - Cyprepedium parviflorum
Blanketflower - Gaillardia aristata
  Often the first things to colonize an area of open rock are lichens and mosses. These are very common on alvars since ecological processes maintain the openness and allow them to thrive.

Granite Erratic With Moss and Lichens
 They grow on both rock and tree bark often covering most of the rock or trees surface as seen above and below. These organisms often grow quite slowly indicating that these habitats remain open for long periods of time.

Bur Oak With Lichens
 Unfortunately not all alvars remain pristine. Here you can see nicer green alvar vegetation fading into a field of encroaching Poa pratensis. This invasive grass is commonly found in pastures and since alvars are so barren grazing usually requires providing cattle with hay bails that introduce invasive species to the area.
Poa pratensis Encroaching On Alvar Vegetation
Even admist the disturbances of grazing many alvar species can still find small pockets where the soil is to thin to support invasives. Myosurus minimus is a rare species to find in Manitoba since it reaches it most northern tip of its range here. On the alvars in Manitoba, Myosurus minimus is restricted to lower lying depressions on bare limestone pavement with extremely thin soils.

Tiny Mousetail - Myosurus minimus

Sunday 17 May 2015

Narcisse Snake Dens, Manitoba

Smaller snake groups emerging out of cracks
Red-sided Garter Snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis)
 So this entire blog entry will be a whole lot of pictures of garter snakes! That is exactly what you get if you visit Narcisse Snake Dens. This is the largest snake hibernacula in Canada! It is not  bio-diverse but the sheer numbers of snakes is unbelievable. I highly recommend adding it to your bucket list of places to visit (mostly if you actually like snakes).
Massive snake ball, Narcisse Snake Dens, MB
I am not surprised that snakes can suffocate in these things...
  The larger snake balls were definitely the largest I have ever seen in my life! These were over a foot deep and at least 3-4 feet wide. They are constantly moving and snakes are poking their heads out of the top and sides so that they can actually breathe.

Massive snake ball, Narcisse Snake Dens, MB

Massive snake ball, Narcisse Snake Dens, MB
 Somehow I managed to get a few shots of snakes on their own if they were emerging or on their way to the mating scene. 

Red-sided Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis) coming out of a hole 
 Garter snakes aren't usually known for being climbers but they sure proved that they can. There were mating balls forming in many of the shrubs. Possibly this is due from snakes falling off higher rock faces down onto these shrubs but some males were seen climbing up to the balls so they could join in.
Red-sided Garter Snakes
 Not all the snakes were extremely active, although most were. A few were seen sitting in or near the cracks in the rock just catching some sun while all the other snakes slither over top of them.

Red-sided Garter Snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis)
Red-sided Garter Snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis)
This little guy looked tired... wonder why!
 Garter snake statue in town near the dens
  After a nice day out at the dens we had a lot of photos and were surprisingly tired considering the day didn't involve much walking. The snakes mostly just come to you because they are everywhere!
A good group of people to go out with

Sunday 10 May 2015

Spruce Woods Provincial Park, Manitoba

 A group of friends and I have been itching to get out of the city since the weather has been wonderful in Manitoba. So we planned on going camping as soon as Spruce Woods Provincial Park opened for the season. Unfortunately weather had other plans and the temperature dropped suddenly just for that weekend! A day trip out to the park was a nice compromise though and the weather was nice enough for that.
Ramalina sinensis

Teloschistes chryosophthalmus
Ramalina sinensis
While other people were looking for lichens and mammals/birds I definitely was keeping my ears open for that distinct slither. Expecting a garter snake and hoping for a hognose I really was shocked to find a young smooth green snake!
Smooth Green Snake (Opheodrys vernalis)
Spruce Woods is unlike any other area I have seen in Manitoba. The contrast between the flat prairies, rugged Canadian shield and flat alvar regions that I have been to is vast. Here the area is full of rolling hills of sand. Scattered spruce trees grow out of a mat of dwarf shrubs like juniper and bearberry. 


 Tumbleweed lichens such as Cetraria arenaria, were frequently found caught in grasses and other locations that they get stuck whenever they blow away. I imagine this happens frequently to disperse them since they really don't have much of an anchor to the substrate underneath.We even managed to find an unusual lichen, Xanthoparmelia chlorochroa growing on the sand dunes.


Xanthoparmelia chlorochroa
 The devils punch bowl was our first destination. Here we saw many birds including yellow-rumped warbler, flycatchers, sandpipers and a waterthrush.
Devils Punch Bowl, Spruce Woods Provincial Park

Devils Punch Bowl, Spruce Woods Provincial Park
The seeps around the punch bowl looked very interesting for plants but there unfortunately wasn't an easy way to get across that we had time to find.
Seep near the Devils Punch Bowl, Spruce Woods Provincial Park
 The larger dunes were very barren of vegetation compared to the hills below them.They had mostly Artemisia and tall grasses that will flower later in the summer.

Contrast between large dunes and smaller hills below
  These dunes involved a lot of races up and down them. I am not surprised that this area used to be used as a military training area as all. It was quite the workout!

Saturday 21 February 2015

Ecuador- Part 3/3 West Coast

It was sad leaving the Amazon with so much more to see still there but we started out for our long journey from Sacha-Coca-Quito airport-Manta-Puerto Lopez. It took a full day of travel to get from one side of the country to the other going east-west.

Unknown Ground Lizard displaying (c.f Stenocercus sp.)

Hosteria Mandala is quite large and is very nice with a view of the beach from the dining area and nice shady walkways that keep the place nice and cool. But I would describe the decore as quite eclectic. The food is very good (not included) but you should never expect much of beer in Central America other than something cold and refreshing that lacks good flavor of beer.

Puerto Lopez is your stereotypical sunny beach town that started as a fishing village but at this time it is actually mostly locals visiting for Carnival. It is incredibly hot, dry and sunny which is very different from the Amazon which was hot, humid and raining pretty much constantly. The beach side of the main road isn't very developed which is nice because it allows a nice view all along the beach. The outskirts of town are mostly dry scrub with cacti. Lizards are everywhere!
Scrub in Puerto Lopez
 I definitely have seen at least three different species of lizard here and one Iguana but unfortunately I do not have a good field guide for this area in Ecuador and these will remain unidentified until I can find one.
The scrub was great for birding and included seeing many mockingbirds, doves, flycatchers and nightjars.
Anthonys Nightjar
  The harbor in town is very busy in the morning with all of the fishing ships bringing in their early morning catch and flocks of frigates and pelicans following them.
 We booked a tour on Cercapez to visit Isla de la Plata. On the way we saw spotted dolphins from the boat.
 Isla de la Plata is a protected area and they would not let us walk around without a guide. The guide didn't speak any English but still managed to point out a few interesting things. Although I don't have a good picture of it he did keep finding Short-tailed Woodstars which is a very very small hummingbird that my camera would never focus on properly. The fact it never stood still might have also been a factor though.

 The dry arid climate meant that the area wasn't very leafy and only a few Mimosa and a white lily were blooming at the time. Large fruiticose lichens attached to many of the larger shrubs and stunted trees.
 The views were amazing from all around the island. We took the shorter trail so that we could enjoy it and spend the time looking at stuff rather than hiking very quickly and missing everything.
 It was the season of the breeding boobies!! I saw more boobies on this one island than any nude beach I've been to ever before. But unfortunately unless you like birds these aren't the boobs you're interested in.
Young Blue-footed Boobies



Adult Blue-footed Booby
 Even though they aren't common in the areas we visited in Ecuador between Gail and I we always seem to find peregrine falcons if they are around. I wonder if they like baby booby for dinner?
 The tour was a bit disappointing in that you don't have much time to explore the island and then the snorkeling is only good if you are willing to dive down or get close to the rocks. Also my biggest complaint was that they actually appear to feed sea turtles to get them to come close to the boat. One of the most common injuries to turtles is from being hit by boats so this is an absolutely terrible thing to condition turtles to come close to.
 During our visit to the west coast we went to Agua Blanca (Machalita National Park) which also required a guide who again did not speak English. Others were quite disappointed but I do like the fact they are employing locals and giving them more of a reason to protect these areas. Agua Blanca is a nice walk through archaeological sites, edges of farmland and the main preserved areas by the river.

I have an irrational love for a type of bird called a Mot-Mot. Well it might not be completely irrational they are gorgeous, colourful birds with a hilarious sounding name and very cool looking tails.
Blue-crowned Mot-mot

Blue-crowned Mot-mot
 There were many bright coloured birds here which to me doesn't suit the dull scrub habitat very well. It is so easy to spot the bright colours of a Vermillion Flycatcher or Southern-Yellow Grosbeaks and others. I can't imagine how it is good for their survival to be so bright against a dull background but obviously it works! 
Don't wear anything you don't want ruined by sulfur smell into the hot springs at Agua Blanca because the smell and the mud that they say has healing properties doesn't come out! I don't know about the healing properties but it definitely does make your skin very soft after so likely works as a good exfoliate.
 The river is the only part of the area where you can see green vegetation and tall trees. The contrast from the lookouts at Agua Blanca are absolutely stunning. The vegetation quickly changes  to arid scrub that continues up the hills on either side.
 As near the town of Puerto Lopez lizards were everywere! They were foraging on the ground in the scrub and on the sides of roads and trails.


 After experiencing Puerto Lopez for a few days we tried to get closer to an area where we might get into the lower cloud forest regions. We went south to Sami Lodge in San Jose.  The lodge is on the outskirts of town and although we didn't get into any cloud forest regions (you need off road vehicles to go down those roads apparently) it was definitely different from the extremely arid area near Puerto Lopez.
Black-necked Stilt and baby
 The beach in San Jose is not as nice or picturesque as Puerto Lopez and is more of a muddy sand with some very cool invertebrates living in it. It is also built up right to the water so there is no walkway along the beach and just a few public access roads can get you onto it.

The outskirts of town are rich with birds in the scrub and farmland.
Pacific Parrotlet

Red-bellied Scythebill

Blue-headed Parrot
 Again there were many lizards everywhere but only one small brown frog near a small creek. Unsurprising since we had so much sun and no rain all. Apparently they do see large venomous snakes every so often although I was not so lucky.

 The birding is great even from the balconies at Sami Lodge. The trails there are quite overgrown, poorly marked and don't actually form a full loop.
Black-capped Pygmy Tyrant
 An entire family of scarlet-backed woodpeckers did just show up one afternoon in a tree right infront of me when I was trying to identify a small odd bird with a short stubby tail that turned out to be a black-capped pygmy tyrant.
Scarlet- backed Woodpecker
 The surfing town south of San Jose is absolutely packed with younger tourists and locals.There are drink stands everywhere and the beach has a raised walkway that allows you a view of the crowds and umbrellas. Needless to say we didn't stick around long but if you want a place to party here would be a good bet.